Rivers are essential freshwater resources that support ecological balance, biodiversity, and various human activities such as drinking, irrigation, and fisheries. However, increasing urbanization, agricultural practices, and human settlements have raised concerns about the deterioration of river water quality. The present study was carried out to assess the physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of the upper stretch of the Narmada River from its origin at Amarkantak to Dindori district in Madhya Pradesh, India. Six sampling locations were selected along the river course, namely Narmada Kund (origin), Pushkar Dam, Kapil Dhara, Chandan Ghat, Dindori upstream, and Dindori downstream, representing different environmental and human activity conditions.

Water samples were collected seasonally during the pre-monsoon (April–June 2025) and monsoon (July–September 2025) periods. The samples were analyzed using standard procedures recommended by APHA (2017) to determine key physico-chemical parameters including temperature, pH, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, and sulphate. Bacteriological analysis was conducted to estimate total coliform and fecal coliform using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method.

The results indicated slight seasonal and spatial variations in water quality parameters. Temperature and pH values remained relatively stable, indicating a favourable environment for aquatic organisms. Dissolved oxygen levels suggested good aeration and healthy ecological conditions. BOD and COD values indicated low to moderate organic pollution, while TDS and hardness values were within acceptable limits. Nutrient concentrations such as nitrate and phosphate were low, suggesting minimal risk of eutrophication. However, higher values of TDS, BOD, COD, and coliform bacteria were observed at downstream locations, particularly during the monsoon season, which may be attributed to surface runoff and local human activities.

Overall, the findings suggest that the upper stretch of the Narmada River maintains generally good water quality, although localized pollution was observed at certain downstream sites. Continuous monitoring and proper management practices are necessary to maintain the ecological health of the river and ensure its sustainable use in the future.